The Greatest Mystery : DEATH

The Greatest Gift : LIFE

The Greatest Feeling : Happiness

The Greatest Sorrow : Broken Heart

The Greatest Thought : I can and I will

The Greatest desire : Accepted

The Greatest Want : Getting Aware of

The Greatest Waste : to hate someone

The Greatest Asset : Your only Mind

The Greatest Smell : A smell familiar to you

The Greatest Relationship : Long Term FRIENDSHIP

The Greatest Criminal : Liar

The Greatest Bankruptcy : Lack of Confidence in YOU

The Greatest Mistake : Quitting

The Greatest Moment : NOW

The Greatest Companion : Whom You can TRUST for lifetime

The Greatest Sound : SILENCE

The Greatest FOOL : one who thinks he knows EVERYTHING

The Greatest Art : MUSIC

The Greatest LOVE : Loving YOURSELF

The Greatest People : your FAMILY

The Greatest Hero : your Teacher

The Greatest communication : with EYES

The Greatest Wealth : LOVE

The Greatest Step : Your FIRST step

The Greatest Resource : Your TIME

The Greatest Service : To help SOMEONE

The Greatest Expression : Your SMILE

We cannot blame them, because if they start treating patients without charging them then they will quickly have to declare bankruptcy.

 Let us go back in history of medical treatment during the days of Nizams. One of the first medical schools in India was” The Hyderabad Medical School” founded in 1846A.D. It used to impart training for medical officers, health officers and compounders for the Hyderabad Medical Services. Initially the medium of instructions was Urdu, later this was changed to English in 1884.

The standard was equivalent to L.M.& S of Madras University. The school became affiliated to Osmania University in 1927 and was elevated to the level of full-fledged Medical College. The medium of instruction became Urdu again and the degree was called M.B.B.S. The first medical school produced several top class and very talented graduates who were quickly employed by several hospitals in India and Hyderabad. Doctors like Dr. Fayaz-ud-Dowla, Dr. Luqman-ud-Dowla and Dr. Arastu Yar Jung, all graduated in 1800s. There were six hospitals in the city under the stewardship of Dr. Templeton (First director of medical & Health Dept. of the state in 1840s). Between 1948 and until the influx of corporate hospitals the only medical facilities for poor Hyderabadis were all financed by Nizam’s families.

Niloufer Hospital for children and women at Red Hills, Hyderabad.

Named after princess Niloufer Khanum Sultana(1916-1989) She was called “Nagina” by the Nizam her father in law. This hospital was inaugurated in 1953 although the planning started in 1948 with Sarojini Naidu, Zain Yar Jung and Mehdi Nawaz Jung as advisors. Dr.Harish Chandra and Dr.Sheila Karan nephew and daughter of Dr. Bankat Chandra nurtured the hospital and made it a premier institution in South India. Dept. of pediatrics at this hospital is the oldest upgraded department in the country with 6 units of general pediatrics. It is 350 bed hospitals with 4000 pediatric surgeries, 8000 deliveries and 2000 major gynecological surgeries. Another 150 beds will be added soon.

During my last visit in Jan 2011 I made frequent trips to the Niloufer hospital just to have Chai at my favorite Chai-khana Niloufer cafe just across from the facility. Remember the chai addiction of Irani restaurants during your college days?  One thing I have noticed is the size of Chai cups are shrinking by the day and I will not be surprised if they offer Tea spoons instead of tiny tea cups in the future.

——————————————————————————————–

Nizam’s institute of Medical Sciences at Punja Gutta,Hyderabad(NIMS)

In the late 50s Mir Osman Ali Khan was visiting Osmania General when he saw a boy, whose one leg was amputated. He suddenly stopped and enquired whether the hospital had facilities to put in artificial limb to the boy.The doctors informed him that such a facility was available in Pune. He called famous orthopedic surgeon Dr.Ranga Reddy to plan for an orthopedic hospital at Nizam’s expense.  

Later in 70s when Nizam’s orthopedic was to become NIMS, some influential politicians suggested that the name be switched to Hyderabad Institute of medical sciences dropping Nizam’s name.  J. Vengal Rao the then Chief Minister bluntly told the proposers to construct such an institute elsewhere and if the institute had to come up there, it should bear the name of great Nizam. The hospital was declared open by Princess Durru Shewar who also inaugurated Osmania general hospital and Hyderabad Airport.

 Today it is one of the biggest and the finest with 985 beds, with a patient doctor ration of 3:1.It is spread over 23 acres.  

(H.E.H the Nizam’s charitable trust is worth 20,000 crores under the chairmanship of Prince Mufakham Jah. NIMS was managed by this trust before handed over to government.)

————————————————————————-

Princess Esra Bergin Hospital–Shah Ali Banda (near Chow Mohalla)

———————————————————————————————————

Princess Esra (former Begum Mukhram Jah) is the founder of this hospital. They were married in 1959 and stayed married for 15 years. She was born in 1938 in Turkey and graduated in architecture and planning.

Princess, Dr.Syed Abdul Mannan, Zaheer  Ahmed IAS and Anwar Aziz (Architect) were the real forces behind this venture. The building before being converted into health facility used to be office of Royal family’s Shikar Gah where all the hunting equipments were stored from the time of Mahbub Ali Pasha. Dr. Mannan took charge as superintendent and medical director and the hospital flourished. Late Mr. Hashim Ali Khan IAS was the administrator. Later it was taken over by Deccan medical school and became a teaching hospital and now provides cardiology and orthopedic care. It has 450 beds.

 Princess Esra’ home in London proudly displays her name plate “Princess Esra of Hyderabad”.

—————————————————————————

Princess Durru Shewar hospital for Children and Women–Purani Haveli Hyderabad Deccan

———————————–

Princess Durru Shewar (Khadija Khayriyn Ayesha)

(1914-2006) was born in Camlica palace, Istanbul, Turkey to Abdul Mecid II and his third wife Mihisti (Mihisti lived in Bella Vista palace, Hyderabad at one time and used to wear Hijab). The princess was grand, statuesque, sensitive and cultured. She married Prince of Berar in 1931 in France. Because of her beauty, grace and charm she received a number of proposals for marriages from European and Asian Royalties including King Faud of Egypt and Reza Shah of Iran.

 Durru Shewar hospital was established in 1989 and is managed by Princess Durru Shewar medical aid society is a 300 bedded tertiary care centre. Prince Mufakham Jah (founder) incidentally made the announcement of the hospital’s formation in Fremont, California in 1989 in the presence of hundreds of Hyderabadis.

 The hospital offers advanced medical treatment in pediatrics, Ob  &  Gyc, cardiology, general and plastic surgeries, urology, dental care, ophthalmology and E.N.T. The hospital lab is among the best in India.

————————————————————————

Ye Dunya kehti jaati hae sadaqat ki qasam kha kar

Urooj-e-shaan shoukat mae zara mulk-e Deccan Dekho

(Mir Osman Ali Khan–Nizam VII)

————————————————–

Haseen Subah-e-Deccan Hae…..Haseen Shaam-e-Deccan

Jameel Farsh-e-Deccan Hae…..Jameel Baam-e-Deccan

Kabhi na hoenge faramosh safah-e-Dil se

Wo din keh Jab Shah Mahboob thae Nizam-e-Deccan

(Munshi Bash Waishwar Pershad Munawar Lucknowi)

Mirza Ahmed Baig

Fremont,CA.

Amazing as it sounds, but fortunately, for the Muslims of the world, it is* an established fact. Have a look at a map of the world And you will find Indonesia on the eastern side of the earth. The major cities of Indonesia are Java, Sumatra, Borneo and Saibil. As soon as dawn breaks on the eastern side of Saibil, at approximately 5:30 am local time, Fajar Azaan begins. Thousands of Muazzins in Indonesia begin reciting the Azaan. The process advances towards West Indonesia. One and a half hours after the Azaan has been completed in Saibil, it echoes in Jakarta . Sumatra then follows suit and before this auspicious process of calling Azaan ends in Indonesia, it has already begun in Malaysia .. Burma is next in line, and within an hour of its beginning in Jakarta, it reaches Dacca, the capital city of Bangladesh . After Bangladesh , it has already prevailed in western India , from Calcutta to Srinagar . It then advances towards Bombay and the environment of entire Indiaresounds with this proclamation. Srinagar and Sialkot (a north city in Pakistan) have the same timing for Azaan. The time difference between Sialkot, Quetta, and Karachi is forty minutes, and within this time, Fajar Aazaan is heard throughout Pakistan .. Before it ends there, it has already begun in Afghanistan and Muscat. The time difference between Muscat and Baghdad is one hour. Azaan resounds during this one hour in the environments of Hijaaz-e-Muqaddas (Holy cities of Makkah and Madinah), Yemen, United Arab Emirates , Kuwait and Iraq. between Baghdad and Alexandria in Egypt is again one hour. Azaan continues to resound in Syria, Egypt, Somalia and Sudan during this hour. The time difference between eastern and western Turkey is one and a half hours, and during this Alexandria and Tripoli (capital of Libya )are located at one hour’s difference. The process of calling Azaan thus continues throughout the whole of Africa. Therefore, the proclamation of the Tawheed” and “Risaalat” that had begun in Indonesia reaches the Eastern Shore of the Atlantic Ocean after nine and half hours. Prior to the Aazaan reaching the shores of the Atlantic, the process of “Zohar Azaan” has already started in east Indonesia, and before it reaches Dacca, Asr Azaan” has started. This has hardly reached Jakarta one and half hours later, the time of “Maghrib” becomes due, and no sooner has “Maghrib” time reached Sumatra, the time for calling “Isha Aazaan” has commenced in Saibil! When the Muazzins of Indonesia are calling out “Fajar Azaan”, the African Muazzins are calling the Azaan for Isha.

• Mehrab-e-Ibadat. The place where Hazrat Sayed Ali  was martyred
• Court room of Hazrat Sayed Ali 
• Mausoleum of Muslim ibn Aqil , cousin and ambassador of Imam Husayn  to Kufa
• Mausoleum of Mukhtar, the avenger of Imam Husayn’s massacre
• Mausoleum of Hani ibn Urwa, companion of Imam Husayn  who was killed by Ubaydullah Ibn Ziyad for sheltering and supporting Muslim ibn Aqil
• Mosalla of several prophets
• Tanoor. The place from where ” The Great Flood “  of Prophet Nuh [a] began
• House of Hazrat Sayed Ali
• Mausoleum of Sayyida Khadijatul Sughra daughter of Hazrat Sayed Ali  – outside Masjid Kufa
• Mausoleum of Prophet Yunus [a] – near the river
• Masjid Sahla. Recommended to be in this mosque at the maghrib time of a Wednesday i.e. at the end of a Tuesday
• Mosalla of 6th Imam Ja’far al-Sadiq 
• Mosalla of Prophet Ibrahim [a]
• Mosalla of Prophet Idris [a]
• Mosalla of Prophet Khidr [a]. Also called Maqam al-Saleheen
• Maqam of Imam Ja’far al-Sadiq 
• Kooba of Ebrahim ibn Hasan al-Muthanna ibn Imam Hasan

Definition of the city:

Verily, Kufah is the second city in Islam after Islamic conquer, likewise it is a skull of the Arabs, Almighty Allah’s javelin, hoard of the faith, Moslems immigration House, capital town of the Commander of Faithful Imam Ali (peace be upon him). The city also contains his Shias, Lovers and companions, as it is also a brilliant center of science and Islamic civilization.

The Location of the city:

The city locates at the right shore of the middle river of Furat (An Old Indian River) which situates at eastern part of Najaf with almost 10 kilometers; it is far from the western part of Baghdad with 156 kilometers.

The city is high upon the sea level with almost 22 meters. It has a border from north side with Al-Kifl region (Babul Province), from the eastern part with As-Siniya and As-Salahiyah region (Ad-Diwaniyah Province), from the western part with Kariyi Sa’ad, from the south with constituency of Abi Sukhair and Al-Hira province.

Founding of the city:

Kufah was found in order to be immigration house and Moslems capital town instead of other towns which were found by Sa’d bun Abi Waqqas in year 17 A.H. 638 A.D. after his was commanded by Umar bun Al-Khattab. This was done after it has been proved to him to be true that environment of the cities effected in health of Arab soldiers, then Umar wrote to Sa’ad that, indeed Arabs do not agree with something except it is agreed by their fool. Then he commanded his leaders to occupy a place which is not separated from the city by sea nor obstacle. He then appointed Abul Hiyaj Amr bun Malik Al-Asadi to take on the planing. In fact, a man who guided Sa’ad to that city is a man called (Abdul Masih bun Baqilah al-Ghassani) and the city was known as (Suristan) and (Khuz Al-Azra’a). So when Arabs settled in that city it was named as Kufah. Verily, the word Kufah is derived from (At-Takawuf) means (gathering), it was named as (Kufaani) as well, which means (a circled place by sand). Therefore, any land which contains pebbles, clay and sand is called (Kufah). The city is named as (Kufaan) which means (misfortune and evil), or (between jungle cane and wood). It was also named as Kufatul Jund (because it was founded in order to be a military base for their gathering). But whatever the case may be the named is Arabic name, even though some said it an Sirianic name.

The construction and expansion of city:

After five years of founding of Kufah during the time of Al-Mughirah bun Su’bah (he who died in year 50 A.H.) walls of the houses were built with bricks. Likewise at the time of Ziyad bun Abih (who also died in year 53 A.H.) the city was built by baked bricks and the first thing to be build was doors of the houses, and the first house to be build was at the street of Kendah ( Al-Mutanbi’s area) – The first thing which was planned by Abul Hayaj Al-Asadi in Kufah was to build a mosque in the middle of the city which will be 1,5 kilometers far from the river Furat. He then dug ditch for the city as well as built a quality marble of Chosroes in front of the city which is brought from Al-Hirah. This place was wide for four thousand people, then Ibn Ziyad increased it to the extent that it can contains for twenty thousand people.

Imam Ali (peace be upon) honored the city when he arrived in it in Rajab year 36 A.H. Then he changed the divisions of the tribes of Kufah and did some moving between the tribes and dug a well in the city which there is no delicious water like it.

Ziyad bun Abih (who died in year 53 A.H) set up a bridge for preventing a flood of Kufah, this bridge remained for throughout the Ummayads ruling, and then both Ibn Hubairah (who died in year 103 A.H) and Khalid bun Abdullah Al-Qasri (died in year 105 A.H.) repaired and renewed it once again.

Ibn Hubairah originated an arch of kufah which is known as (Kanidarah) at the eastern part of Kufah, then Emir Khalid Al-Qasri came after him and repaired it.

Markets were built and houses were made for every seller during the time of governor Khalid bun Abdullah Al-Qasri (who died in year 126 A.H.) and he made the profits for the soldier.

In year 136 A.H. Abu Jafar Al-Mansur built a castle known as (Abil Khaseeb) as well as he dug a ditch and fenced the city.

In year 314 A.H. The city reached to the highest level of construction and buildings during the time of Al-Mutanabi (between year 353 – 354 A.H).

In year 676 A.H. Ata’a Al-Malik Al-Jawini ( author of Diwanul Dawlatul Ilkhaniyah ) dug a river which extended to Najaf and connected water to the mosque of Kufah. This river was named as (At-Tajiya river) ascribed to the in charge of digging it who is Sayyid Tajudeen Ali bun Amirudeen one of the great figures of that time.

In year 943 A.H. The first Shah Al-Tahmasab Al-Safawi commanded that, a river should be dug from the Furat to Kufah, this river is known as Tahmasiyah as a branch was made for the river to (Al-Tahmaziya) as well. In year 1032 A.H. Shah Ismail Al-Awwal commanded that this river should be cleaned which overflowed when Rome surrounded Najaf. Verily, the river is known as river Shah or (Al-Kiryah).

River Hindiya was also dug in year 1208 A.H.

Some descendants arrived in the city in year 1290 A.H. and built houses by canes and created gardens at the sides of Al-Furat.

Water dried up in Najaf sea in year 1305 A.H. but with the effort of Saniyyah area agent, the city developed in construction of Kufah and created houses and markets in the city, whereas the place was known in the beginning as (Shari’atul Kufah).

Bridge was fixed on river Furat in year 1317 A.H.

The electricity wires were extended from Hilla to Kufah in year 1323 A.H.

In year 1325 A.H. Sayyid Ali Kemunah the in charge of the holy Alawids sanctuary, built a wide place, market and resting rooms, these were made with the intention to make things easy for the visitors of the City.

Railway was also extended between Kufah and Najaf in year 1327 A.H.

The features:

Kufah was a big city in which its villages and cemeteries are connected to Al-Furat as well as Al-Azar villages.the city contains 50 thousand houses for the Arabs, and 24 thousand for non Arabs. The city’s distance is 510 kilometers square today. The city enjoys the important strategic place from all parts. It is a connecting point between Al-Furat towns which are irrigates long distances, wide provinces with its delicious water. It is also a street break through a land which is thick of flowers surrounded by trees myrtle etc. So when Kufah became city and it was divide into parts and provinces, then railway, streets, castles were built in that city. Then it became center of literatures, sciences and culture.

Among its old areas are:

Ath-Thawiyah,

Al-Jabanah,

Khaaniqin,

Darul Hakim,

Dar Qumam Duran,

Raha Imarah,

Rahbatu Khanis,

Rassafatul Kufah,

Zurarah,

Sahraa Al-Bardakht Al-Kannasat,

Abs,

Ar’zam,

Allisan, (this named was giving to hind part of Kufah),

Al-Sabi’i area and

Shaitan area.

The markets of Kufah:

The markets of Kufah are:

Haraadhatu market,

Asad market,

Hikmat market and

Yusuf market.

Among the old villages of the city:

Istinyaa,

Iqsas,

Habaniya,

Al-Hasasah,

Al-Akirah Sini’ah,

Al-Sawariya,

Aqr Babul,

Al-Ghaadhiriya,

Banqiya,

Al-Radah,

Barithatu Al-Buwaib,

Jir’ah,

Jarir,

Harura,

Hidru Al-Sabee’i,

Hammam Sa’ad,

Hammam A’ayun,

Al-Khurnaq,

Darta,

Zureh,

Zaidan,

Shaniya,

Shumiya,

Shili,

Sahra’a,

Ummu Salamah,

Sarifain,

Al-Sin,

Aynu Jamal,

Al-Gharyan.

Some of the modern areas:

Mahalltu Al-Sarayi,

Al-Rashadiya,

Al-Jadidah,

Al-Suhailiya,

Al-Buhdari ( which locates at the second side of the river),

Al-Burakiya,

Mahallatu Kandah,

Alwatul Fahal village,

Al-Qaraishan village,

Al-Bumadhi village,

Al-Tajjiya,

Aal Isa village,

Al-Zarfaat wal Ja’aafirah and

Kharkhait village.

The streets of kufah:

Streets of the city are: street (26), which well known as Al-Janabaat street, Shari’ya 13 and 14 which locates at Al-Sarayi area but the first one is known as (Sayyid Yasin Al-Sa’bri street), the second one is known as (Aal Al-Fahham street) An-Nahar street. But the modern streets are named with heritage names which has relation with the old history of the city.

The old rivers of kufah:

The old rivers are

Kuthi river,

Aba river,

Al-Bur’dan river,

Al-Buwaib river,

Suraa river,

At-Tajiya river,

Al-Ghadir river,

Shili river,

As-Sanin river,

Nar’s river etc.

The features and the historical antiques of the city:

Masjid e Kufah:

Some of the features and historical antiques are Kufah mosque, in fact, the first thing to be planned in Kufah was the mosque, which is 1/5 kilometers far from Furat at the western side of Kufah. But the mosque is formed from four walls today, supported by towers which are half circled and are almost twenty eight towers. Thus, there are many Sites (maqamaat) in the courtyard, of the those Sites (maqaamat) are:

Site (maqaam) of Prophet Abraham (peace be upon him),

Site (maqaam) of Al-Khidhr (peace be upon him),

Site (maqaam) of Baitu At-Tasht,

Site (maqaam) of the Prophet (may the blessing and peace of Allah be upon him and his pure progeny).

Site (maqaam) of Imam Jafar As-Sadiq (peace be upon him),

Site (maqaam) of Adam (peace be upon him),

Site (maqaam) of Jabraeel (peace be upon him),

Site (maqaam) of Imam Zainul Abideen (peace be upon him),

Dakkatul Qadhaa,

and in the front of the wall of the mosque, there is a mihrab of the mosque which Imam Ali (peace be upon him) where beated, the place is ornamented by (Kashani), as there is coppery clasp in the middle of it, and entrance can found in the middle of the mosque which can lead to down stairs known as (Safinatu Nuh or At-Tannur).

The emirates houses:

The Emirate houses was planned on the empty space which is connected to the Kufah’s mosque at side of (Qilblah) direction faced in prayers from the outside, then Muslim Public Treasury was made in it, likewise Sa’ad bun Abi Waqas settled in the city, it then became a particular house for Caliphs, kings and Emirs after Sa’ad as it was a place of their conspiracies, conferences and consultations.

As-Sahlah mosque:

This mosque situates at northwestern side of the Kufah’s mosque, with two kilometers far from it. There is Site (maqaam) of the Awaited Imam Mahdi (may God hasten his glad advent) in that mosque.

- Imam Ali’s house (peace be upon him): His house situates on a high land adjacent to the fences of western Emirate house,

- Zaid bun Suhan’s mosque (Imam Ali’s companion (peace be upon him), this mosques situates at west part of Al-Sahlah mosque. .

- Tomb of both Muslim bun Aqil and Hani bun Ur’wah (peace be upon both of them): Their toms are situated at eastern side of central mosque of Kufah and in form of adjacent to it.

- Tomb of Al-Mukhtar bun Abi Ubaidah At-Thaqafi: This also locates at the western corner close to the former wall of Kufah mosque.

- Al-Hamraa mosque: This is Prophet (Jonah) Yunus’s mosque (peace be upon him) and not his grave. This mosque was named as Al-Hamraa (means red) because group of non Arabs had settled there, those people faces look like red – not brown or black – that is why the mosque was named as Al-Humr (the reds).

- Tomb of Maithamr At-Tammar (may God be pleased with him): His tomb situates at southwestern side of the Emirate house which is one kilometer far from the Kufah mosque.

- A place where Abdul Rahman bun Muljim Al-Muradi (may God curse him) was burnt: It is the hill where his body was burnt, the place locates right now close to the gave of Maitham At-Tammar.

- Grave of Khadijah Imam Ali’s daughter (peace be upon him): It is a place where Maitham At-Tammar store locates, where he use to sell his dates.

- Grave of Sayyid Ibrahim Al-Ghamr (peace be upon him): His grave locates on a public way between Kufah and Najaf on the right side of it.

- Grave of the Sayyids, sons of Imam Husain (peace be upon him): This grave situates on a left side of the old way which leads to As-Sahlah mosque.

- Kariy Sa’dah or (Sabur ditch): It is a separative boundaryy between Kufah and Najaf and the name is ascribed to (Sabur Zil Aktaaf) who dug it.

- Qasr Um Areef: This place situates outside the city with seven kilometers far away from the city.

The central mosque and husainiyas:

Al-Mulla central mosque,

Al-Khalkhali central mosque,

As-Sahlah mosque,

Al-Husain’s mosque(peace be upon him),

Al-Hajj Hadi As-Saffar’s mosque,

Sayyid Husain At-Turki’s mosque,

Ar-Rashadiya central mosque and Husainiyah,

Hamzah Hilal mosque,

Central mosque and Husainiya of Aal Muhyideen.

Husainiyah of Al-Khabbazin,

Husainiya of Al-Alawiyeen,

Husainiyah of Al-Hadi,

Husainiya of Al-Bushikh Rasul and

Husainiya of Al-Hashimiya.

The libraries:

The libraries of the city are:

Muslim bun Alkil’s public library (peace be upon him),

Islamic Dar Al-Risalh public library,

Local administration public library,

Jami’u Al-Mulla public library.

As to the particular libraries, they are as follows:

Jafar Ash-Shaikh Ali Al-Mazhaji’s library,

Shaikh Ali Al-Bazi’s library,

Sayyid Taqi Al-Khalkhali’s library,

Shaikh Kaatib At-Turaihi’s library,

Doctor Abdul Razak Ash-Shahristani’s library and

Mohammed Husain Sayyid Ahmed Rabeea.

From the memory of the history:

- The recent city’s history starts after collapsing of Sasani government in Iraq in year 636 A.D. In the beginning, it was a house for only Arabs, which most of them were roots of civilization came from Yemen and Hadhramut, then one of the followers of Ahlulbait (peace be upon him) from Persians as well as other people from close cities also descended in the mentioned city, like Sar’yan, An-Nabt, Christians and Jew all came from Yemen in year 20 A.H.

- The incident of Abi Al-Haisaman Al-Khuzaee occurred in year 30 A.H.

- The incident of Abdul Rahman occurred in year 33 A.H.

- In year 35 A.H. Kufah was center for many incidents, one of the incidents is that, Kufah people has participated with people of Basrah in revolution against Uthman, a incident which led to his killing.

- The incident of Abi Musa Al-Ash’ari occurred in year 37 A.H., a man who disappointed people of Kufah from supporting Imam Ali (peace be upon him) in battle of Camel, and in the same year of Rajab month Imam Ali (peace be upon him) honored Kufah by transmitting Caliphate center to that city. Imam Ali (peace be upon him) also formed his soldiers from the door of Kufah (Al-Nakhilah) when he was going to Sifeen.

- The cursed Ibn Muljam Al-Muradi killed Imam Ali (peace be upon him) in year 40 A.H. and then Ma’awiyah declared his Caliphate in Sham (Syria) and forced people of Kufah to pay humage for him.

- Ziyad bun Abih killed Amru bun Al-Ahamq Al-Khuzaee and Hijr bun Udai in year 41 A.H.

- In year 49 or 50 A.H. Mu’awiyah added Kufah and Basrah under control of Ziyad bun Abih. Thus, during the time of Ummayads both two cities are known as (two Iraqs), means two capital towns of Iraq.

- Muslim bun Aqil Imam Husain’s ambassador (peace be upon him) arrived in Kufah in year 60 A.H., Muslim bun Aqil achieved martyrdom in the same year by Ubaidullahi bun Ziyad after people of Kufah treasoned and disappointed him.

The revolution of Tawwabeen (Penitents), revolution of Al-Mukhtar bun Abi Ubaidah Al-Thaqafi and revolution of Zaid bun Ali (peace be upon him) occurred in year 66 A.H.

Likewise an incident of Ibn Al-Ash’ath, incident of Qanbar the servant of Imam Ali (peace be upon him), incident of Kumail bun Ziyad and incident of Saeed bun Jubair occurred during the time of Al-Hajj bun Yusif Al-Thaqafi.

Kufah start to lose its importance and position as a public Emirate center after it was established in year 145 A.H., but it remains in a short period as a soldiers and cultural center.

The Carmathians occupied Kufah and played in it. in year 312 A.H. They also transmitted The Black Stone (Al-Hajarul Aswad) from Mecca to the city and fixed it on the Site (maqaam) of Ibrahim (peace be upon him ) in year 317 A.H. and then called people to do their pilgrimage in the mosque of Kufah instead of Mecca.

Kufah regained its position from Buwainins in year 334 A.H. those were concern about the city and sacred city of Najaf as well as the holy Alawids tomb sanctuary.

The Carathians occupied Kufah once again in year 375 A.H.

The travellers of Ibn Jubair visited Kufah and witnessed the signs of its retardation and down fall and said the reason of destroying of the city is a tribe called Khafajah which was close to it.

Travellers of Ibn Batutah also visited Kufah in year 726 A.H., while the biggest part of it was abandoned due to the attacks of Bedouins those were close to Kufah.

- Kufah became subsidiary district to constituency office of Najaf during the time of Ottoman even though it is still subsidiary to it.

- Kufah was an important center for sciencee and literature, as it has poet more than Basrah, and Kannasah was like Marbad of Basrah as a place of prides, disputation and competition. Kufi handwritings were also known by its name.

- A battle of Kufah occurred between people of the city and Bani Hasan in year 1335 A.H.

The people of Najaf revolted against British in year 1917 A.D., and before then Kufah was center of gathering and negotiation between people of Najaf and British, whereas the religious authority Sayyid Mohammed Kazim Al-Yazdi was inhabiting in the city. And in the same year British vanguard arrived in Kufah and camped in a place called ( Shari’atu Al-Tabn), a place which is one of the Furat’s ways in Kufah.

The plans of the twentieth revolution came to an end in the city in year 1920 A.D. in which a war steamer sunk (fire fly) by the revolters and then British also bombed mosque of Kufah.

Rulers of Kufah according to the history of their rulings:

Ammar bun Yasir (died in year 37 A.H.),

Uqbah bun Amr bun Tha’labah Al-Ansari (died in year 40 A.H.),

Ammarah bun Shahab Abu Musa Al-Ash’ari (died in year 42 A.H.),

Abdullah bun Khalid bun Asid Sa’ad bun Zaid Al-Izzi (died in year 50 A.H.),

Al-Mughirah bun Shu’bah (died in year 50 A.H.),

Ziyad bun Abih (died in year 53 A.H.),

Sa’ad bun Abi Waqqas (died in year 55 A.H.),

Al-Walid bun Uqbah bun Abi Mu’eet (died in year 61 A.H.),

Al-Dihaak bun Qais bun Khalid Al-Fehri (died in year 65 A.H.),

Al-Nu’maan bun Bashir Al-Ansari (died in year 66 A.H.),

Abdu Rahman bun Abdullah bun Uthman bun Rabee’ah Al-Thaqafi (died in year 66 A.H),

Ubaidullah bun Ziyad (died in year 67 A.H.),

Mus’ab bun Zubair bun Al-Awaam (died in year 71 A.H.),

Bishr bun Mar’wan bun Al-Hakam (died in year 75 A.H.),

Amr bum Huraith (died in year 85 A.H.),

Ur’watu bun Al-Mughirah bun Shu’bah (died in year 90 A.H.),

Al-Hajjaj bun Yusuf Al-Thaqafi (died in year 95 A.H.),

Yazid bun Abi Kebsha Al-Suksuki (died in year 100 A.H.),

Yazid bun Al-Malhab Al-Azdi (died in year 102 A.H.),

Umar bun Hubairah Al-Fazari (died in year 110 A.H.) and

Khalid bun Abdulah bun YaZid Al-Qasri (died in year 126 A.H.).

Saeed bun Al-Aas,

Aamir bun Mas’ud,

As-Sa’ib bun Malik Al-Ash’ari,

Har’malah Allakhmi,

Al-Harith bun Abdullah bun Rabee’ah,

Judges of Kufah:

The judges of Kufah are:

Ur’watu bun Abil Ja’ad,

Sharih bun Al-Harith bun Qais (died in year 76 A.H.),

Salman bun Rabi’ah, Masruq bun Al-Ajda’a (died in year 63 A.H),

Abdul Malik bun Umair (died in year 136 A.H.),

Abdullah bun Utbah bun Mas’ud (died in year 73 A.H.),

Abu Bar’dah bun Abi Musa Al-Ash’ari (died in year 103 A.H.),

Abu Qurah Al-Kandi, Nuh bun Daarij An-Nakha’i (died in year 183 A.H.),

Isa bun Al-Musib Al-Bajali, Hafs bun Ghiyath (died in year 194 A.H.),

Saeed bun Jubair (died in year 95 A.H.),

Ahmed bun Badeel (died in year 258 A.H.),

Ali bun Mohammed bun Harun Al-Hamiri (died in year 323 A.H.) and others.

Scholars of Kufah:

The Jurisprudence scholars:

The most important scholars of Kufah in jurisprudence are:

Imam Ali bun Abi Talib (peace be upon him) (died in year 40 A.H),

Imam Jafar As-Sadiq (peace be upon him) (died in year 148 A.H.),

An-Nu’man bun Thabit (Abu Hanifah) (died in year 187 A.H.).

The prophetic traditions and hadith scholars:

The famous Prophetic tradition and Hadith scholars are:

Al-Baraa’ bun Azib Al-Ansari (died in year 72 A.H.),

Qar’zah bun Ka’ab Al-Ansari,

Mu’aaz bun Muslim Al-Hiraa (died in year 150 A.H. and others.

Grammar scholars:

The grammar scholars are:

Abul Aswad Al-Du’ali (died in year 67 A.H.),

Ali bun Hamza Al-Kasa’ee, (died in year 189 A.H.),

Abu Jafar Ar-Rawasi (died in year 190 A.H.) and

Yaqub bun Is’haq As-Sikeet (died in year 244 A.H.).

Language scholars:

The language scholars are:

Hammad bun Harmuz (2),

Al-Mufadhal bun Mohammed Ad-Dhabyi (died in year 168 A.H.),

Mohammed bun Abdul A’alaa (died in year 207 A.H.) (4).

The poetry scholars:

Poetry scholars are:

Al-Kamit bun Zaid (died in year 126 A.H)(1),

Mohammed bun Ghalib bun Al-Huzail (died in year 200 A.H.),

At-Tar’mah bun Hakim (died in year 100 A.H.),

Da’bal Al-Khuza’ee (died in year 246 A.H.),

Abu Al-Ataahiya (died in year 211 A.H.),

Al-Mukaa bun Hamim Al-Rubai’ee and

Abu At-Tayib Al-Mutanabi (died in year 353 A.H.).

The chemistry scholars:

The chemistry scholar is Jabir bun Hayan Al-Kufi.

There are more than twenty five scientific houses in Kufah in which Sayyid Mohammed Mahdi Bahrul Ulum mentioned most of them in his biography and critism of traditionists book.

References:

1 – Tareekh Al-Kufah /Ta’lif Sayyid Ahmed Al-Buraqi / Tab’atu Ar Rabiah / Sanat 1987 / Beirut.

History of Kufah / Authored by Sayyid Ahmed Al-Baraqi / Fourth Edition / Year 1987 A.D. Beirut.

2 – Takhteet Madinatul Kufah / Ta’lif Doctor Kazim Al-Janaabi / Baghdad / Sanat 1967.

Planing of City of Kufah / Authored by Doctor Kazim Al-Janaabi / Year 1967 A.D.

3 – Tareekh Al-Kufah Al-Hadith / Al-Juz’ul Awwal Wa Thani / Ta’lif Kamil Salman Al-Jaburi / Tab’atul Ula / Sanat 1974 / Najaf.

The Modern History of Kufah / Volume One and Two / Authored by Kamil Salman Al-Jaburi / First Edition / Year 1973 A.D. Najaf.

4 – Al-Atabaat Al-Muqadasah Fi Al-Kufah / Ta’lif Mohammed Saeed At-Turaihi / Sanat 1982 A.D. / Beirut. The Sacred Tombs in Kufah / Written by Muhammed Saeed At-Turaihi / First Edition / Year 1982 A.D. Beirut.

5 – Fadhl Al-Kufah Wa Fadhl Ahliha / Ta’lif Abi Abdullah Mohammed Al-Hasani Al-Kufi / Mu’asasatu Ahlulilbait / Beirut.

Merit of Kufah and Merit of its People /Authored by Abi Abdullah Muhammed Al-Hasani Al-Kufi / Ahlulbait Islamic Foundation / Beirut.